Research

Decreasing External Ventricular Drain Infection Rates in the Neurocritical Care Unit: 12-Year Longitudinal Experience at a Single Institution

Konrad W. Walek, Owen P.Leary, Rahul Sastry, Wael F. Asaad, Joan M.Walsh, Leonard Mermel

Objective

External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is a common neurosurgical procedure, and EVD-related infection is a significant complication. We examined the effect of infection control protocol changes on EVD-related infection incidence.

Methods

Changes in EVD placement protocol and incidence density of infections after implementation of protocol changes in the neurocritical care unit were tracked from 2007 to 2019. EVD infections were defined using a modified U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance definition of meningitis/ventriculitis for patients with EVDs in situ for at least 2 days confirmed by positive culture. Contribution of protocol changes to EVD infection risk was assessed via multivariate regression.

Results

Fifteen major changes in EVD protocol were associated with a reduction in infections from 6.7 to 2.0 per 1000 EVD days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1–5.3; P < 0.001). Gram-positive bacterial infection incidence decreased from 4.8 to 1.7 per 1000 EVD days (95% CI, 2.3–3.9; P = 0.00882) and gram-negative infection incidence decreased from 1.9 to 0.5 per 1000 EVD days (95% CI, 0.6–2.3; P = 0.0303). Of all protocol changes since 2007, the largest reduction in incidence was 3.9 infections per 1000 days (95% CI, 0.50–7.30; P = 0.011), associated with combined standardization of reduced EVD sampling frequency, cutaneous antisepsis with alcoholic chlorhexidine before EVD placement, and use of a subcutaneous tunneling technique during EVD insertion.

Conclusions

The most significant reduction in EVD infections may be achieved through the combination of reducing EVD sampling frequency and standardizing alcoholic chlorhexidine cutaneous antisepsis and subcutaneous tunneling of the EVD catheter.

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Featured

Wael F. Asaad, MD, PhD

Sidney A. Fox and Dorothea Doctors Fox Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Professor of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience
Vice-Chair, Research
Director, Functional and Epilepsy Neurosurgery Program
Director, Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation
Associate Director, Neurosurgery Residency Training Program
Director, Fellowship in Functional & Epilepsy Neurosurgery

Rahul Sastry, MD

PGY-6

Owen P. Leary, ScB

Research Program Administrator – Clinical Trials & Laboratory Operations